![]() This outflow occurs continuously over the polar cap, for both northward and southward IMF, and consists mainly of H + 7. Over the polar cap, a low-energy outflow called the polar wind is driven by an ambipolar electric field 6. Similarly, in the nightside auroral region, reconnection in the magnetotail also drives energy into the ionosphere, driving outflow that also has significant O + 5. During active times, the outflow has a significant O + component, with an O +/H + ratio from 1 to 3 4. In the dayside cusp, energy from precipitating electrons and Poynting flux due to the interaction between the magnetosphere and the solar wind/IMF can heat and accelerate the ionospheric plasma, driving outflow 3. The ionospheric plasma also has access to the plasma sheet from several different regions. During northward IMF, the solar wind can enter either through double-lobe reconnection or along the flanks of the magnetosphere, in association with Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities 2. Solar wind ions moving along these field lines can enter the plasma sheet. When the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is southward, reconnection on the dayside creates open field lines that convect into the magnetotail, where they reconnect again 1. Figure 1 illustrates the main pathways for ions to reach the plasma sheet. The magnetotail plasma sheet can contain plasma from both the solar wind and from the ionosphere. ![]() These results reveal how the access to the magnetotail of the different sources can change quickly, impacting the storm development. Additionally, we find that the ionospheric plasma during the storm main phase is initially dominated by singly ionized hydrogen (H +), likely from the polar wind, a low energy outflow from the polar cap, and then transitions to the accelerated outflow from the dayside and nightside auroral regions, identified by singly ionized oxygen (O +). Here we use the solar wind composition to track the source and show that the plasma sheet source changes from predominantly solar wind to predominantly ionospheric as a storm develops. The source is critical because the plasma sheet properties control the enhancement and decay rate of the ring current, the main cause of the geomagnetic field perturbations that define a geomagnetic storm. Delivers 2X more shine.Both solar wind and ionospheric sources contribute to the magnetotail plasma sheet, but how their contribution changes during a geomagnetic storm is an open question. * Hair will instantly feel softer and more manageable. The unique formula penetrates deeply and absorbs quickly to cover gray 100% and deliver beautiful, rich color that lasts for up to 8 weeks.ĪGEbeautiful Permanent Liqui-Creme Hair Color helps to nourish and fortify the fibers for fuller, thicker and healthier looking hair. The unique formula penetrates deeply and absorbs quickly to cover gray 100% with the essential components that are lost with aging. AGEbeautiful Anti-Aging Permanent Liqui-Creme Hair color, now with biotin, is the first permanent liqui-creme color developed to fight all five signs of aging hair.ĪGEbeautiful is our professional hair color formula with Biotin, melanin, keratin peptide, silk protein and a patented conditioning technology to replenish hair with the essential components that are lost with aging. It loses volume, manageability, color, moisture and shine. As we age, our hair experiences five signs of aging.
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